Activating Applications Based on Accelerometer Data

ABSTRACT

In some implementations, a computer-implemented method includes storing a plurality of acceleration profiles in a mobile device; receiving accelerometer data from an accelerometer in the mobile device; correlating the accelerometer data with one accelerometer profile in the plurality of accelerometer profiles; and activating a user application of the mobile device that is associated with the correlated accelerometer profile. Each acceleration profile can correspond to a sequence of acceleration forces a mobile device would be subjected to when carried with a user during an activity that corresponds to the correlated acceleration profile.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/986,873, filed on Nov. 9,2007, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This document generally describes systems and techniques forautomatically activating applications in a mobile device, and inparticular, automatically activating applications based on accelerationdata that can be captured by an accelerometer in the mobile device.

BACKGROUND

Many people carry with them various kinds of mobile computing devices(e.g., smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones,media players, etc.), and they may use their mobile computing devicesthroughout the day to receive or process information or media content orto communicate with others. For example, a smartphone user may employthe smartphone to play music during a morning jog, provide news during acommute, or manage email, text and voice communications at an office. APDA user may employ the PDA to display calendar information during awalk from a parking garage to an office, or to provide map informationduring regular field calls.

SUMMARY

This document describes systems and techniques for automaticallyactivating applications on a mobile device based on a comparison ofcurrent real-time acceleration data measured by the mobile device andacceleration profiles that are stored in the mobile device. Each storedacceleration profile can be associated with an activity that the usermay engage in while using the corresponding mobile device application.For example, as described by way of background above, a jogger may use amedia player application provided by his or her smartphone to listen tomusic while jogging. The smartphone can detect when the jogger startsjogging, for example, based on detecting the real-time acceleration datathat matches an acceleration profile stored on the mobile device that isassociated with jogging and with the media player application.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description anddrawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1H illustrate example acceleration profiles that correspond tovarious activities that a mobile device user may engage in.

FIG. 1J illustrates an example window of acceleration data that can beidentified and further processed.

FIG. 2A illustrates an example method of activating applications inresponse to real-time acceleration data captured by a mobile device.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example method of adaptively training a mobiledevice to associate applications with acceleration profiles.

FIG. 3A is a diagram depicting a sequence of example activities that auser of a mobile computing device may engage in, and correspondingmobile device applications that the user may run while engaging in theactivities.

FIG. 3B illustrates an example user interface that can be used toassociate various user activities (and corresponding accelerationprofiles) with mobile device applications.

FIG. 3C illustrates one example user interface that can be employed toconfigure the mobile device to activate various applications in responseto a sequence of activities.

FIGS. 4A and 4B depict, respectively, an example training mode, in whicha mobile device can adaptively correlate the activating of applicationswith real-time acceleration data, and a corresponding operating mode.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example mobile device that can receiveand process real-time acceleration data, correlate the processedreal-time acceleration information with one or more accelerationprofiles, and activate one or more applications based on thecorrelation.

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an exemplary mobile device thatcan automatically activate applications based on real-time accelerationdata.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating additional details of theinternal architecture of the device of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components of theoperating system used by the device of FIG. 6.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary processes implementedby the operating system of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 shows an example of a computer device and a mobile computerdevice that can be used to implement the techniques described here.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This document describes systems and techniques for automaticallyactivating applications on a mobile device based on a comparison ofcurrent real-time acceleration data measured by the mobile device andacceleration profiles that are stored in the mobile device. Each storedacceleration profile can be associated with an activity that the usermay engage in while using the corresponding mobile device application.For example, a jogger may use a media player application provided by hisor her smartphone to listen to music while jogging. The smartphone candetect when the jogger starts jogging, for example, based on detectingthe real-time acceleration data that matches an acceleration profilestored on the mobile device that is associated with jogging and with themedia player application.

The mobile device can store a number of different acceleration profiles,each of which may correspond to a different activity and may beassociated with a corresponding application that the mobile device usermay run while engaging in that activity. In particular, one accelerationprofile may store data indicative of a jogging motion, and that profilemay be associated with a music application.

In some implementations, stored acceleration profiles are provided withthe mobile device (e.g., preloaded when the mobile device is deliveredto its initial end-user). In particular, for example, accelerationprofiles that may be generic to many different users or mobile devices,such that a mobile device will readily determine when real-timeacceleration data captured by the mobile device matches one of thestored acceleration profiles, may be preloaded in a mobile device, orotherwise accessible to the device. Such profiles may be advantageouslyemployed to detect, for example, common motions or activities whoseacceleration data may not exhibit much user-to-user or device-to-devicevariation (e.g., highway travel, as described below with reference toFIG. 1E; elevator travel, as described below with reference to FIG. 1F;etc.).

Some generic acceleration profiles may be generated by analyzing varioustypes of devices (e.g., including the mobile device in which the genericprofiles are preloaded, or various other devices other the mobile devicewhere the profiles may be averaged to account for differences betweenthe various devices). In some implementations, generic accelerationprofiles can be stored in the mobile device after the device isdelivered to the initial end-use. In particular, for example,acceleration profiles can be downloaded to the mobile device orotherwise transferred to the mobile device (e.g., by a cable fromanother device, by a removable storage device, etc.).

In some implementations, various available acceleration profiles may bescanned for a possible match to acceleration data captured by a mobiledevice. For example, as a mobile device captures acceleration data, theacceleration data may be compared (e.g., in real time, or substantiallyreal time) to network-accessible profiles. Libraries or databases ofsuch profiles may be publicly available, or certain profiles may beavailable in a semi-private or private manner (e.g., from anaccess-controlled service). Network-accessible profiles (or profilesthat are accessible in some other manner, such as profiles on aremovable storage device) may be scanned and compared to the real-timeacceleration data from the device in a particular order—such as an orderbased on profile information associated with the mobile device, or anorder based on other devices or users associated with the mobile device(e.g., via buddy lists or other social or functional connections) fromwhich the real-time acceleration data was obtained.

In some implementations, acceleration profiles can be recorded by andstored in the mobile device (e.g., such that the recorded accelerationprofiles are customized to a particular mobile device or a particularuser of that mobile device).

In operation, the mobile device can capture real-time acceleration data(e.g., with an accelerometer) and compare the real-time accelerationdata with acceleration profiles stored in the mobile device. If themobile device determines that real-time acceleration data corresponds to(e.g., matches, based on a comparison algorithm and a measure ofsimilarity determined by the comparison algorithm that falls within athreshold measure of similarity (e.g., a statistical measure ofsimilarity of at least 80%, 90%, or 95%; a greater similarity by atleast 10%, 15%, etc., between the real-time data an acceleration profiledetermined to be matching that between the real-time data and any otheracceleration profile; etc.)) an acceleration profile (e.g., anacceleration profile for jogging), the mobile device can automaticallyactivate an application associated with the matching accelerationprofile (e.g., a media player application). The process of receivingreal-time acceleration data and comparing it to previously storedacceleration profiles is described in greater detail below withreference to FIG. 2A.

The association between an acceleration profile and an application canbe configurable by the user, such that the user can determine certainapplications that are to be activated when certain activities aredetected. Associating applications to acceleration profiles is describedin greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B.

Real-time acceleration data and stored acceleration profiles can includedata received from an accelerometer. Different kinds of accelerometerscan provide different kinds of data, but in general, some accelerometersmeasure force in one or more directions, and in particular, manyaccelerometers measure force in three directions—namely, along anx-axis, a y-axis and a z-axis. From force data, acceleration, velocityand position data may be determined. For example, with a three-axisaccelerometer, position of the accelerometer can be determined based onwhich axis measures gravitation force. In some implementations,acceleration data can be provided by a three-axis linear accelerometer(e.g., a MEMS-based accelerometer (microelectromechanical systems) thatcan output force data in three different axes at a rate of 100-400 Hz).Other devices can also provide acceleration data.

In some implementations, an acceleration profile stores a collection ofacceleration data. Acceleration data can include force datacorresponding to each of three axes for some period of time. Forsimplicity, force and acceleration may be used interchangeably herein,but the reader will appreciate that accelerometers generally measureforce, and that from the force data and the mass of accelerometercomponents, acceleration values can be determined. Various examples ofacceleration data for different activities is described with referenceto FIGS. 1A-1H.

For purposes of example, raw data in three different axes (e.g., anx-axis 106, a y-axis 107, and a z-axis 108) is graphically depicted inFIGS. 1A-1H. In actual implementations, the raw data can include atime-ordered series of numbers corresponding to force values in eachdirection (e.g., {(F_(1x), F_(1y), F_(1z)), (F_(2x), F_(2y), F_(2z)), .. . , (F_(nx), F_(ny), F_(nz)), . . . }, where new force values areprovided at a regular time interval, such as every 2.5 ms or at someother frequency that facilitates generation of acceleration profiles).In other implementations, two-axis or one-axis accelerometers canprovide acceleration data, or a device other than an accelerometer canbe employed to provide data indicative of an acceleration or motionprofile.

FIG. 1A illustrates acceleration data 110 that may correspond to amobile device carried by a user who is jogging or running. For the sakeof this description, axes can be defined as depicted in FIG. 1A. Inparticular, an x-axis 106 can correspond to a line that lies on ahorizontal plane relative to the jogger and that is in-line with theforward path along which the jogger travels; a y-axis 107 can correspondto a vertical plane of the jogger, and a z-axis 108 can correspond to ahorizontal plane of the jogger in a direction that is perpendicular tothe x-axis 106. Based on this orientation, data captured along thex-axis can measure the forward acceleration (e.g., the speeding up orslowing down of the jogger); data captured along the y-axis 107 canmeasure vertical acceleration (e.g., a jogger's bounce); and datacaptured along the z-axis 108 can measure a side-to-side acceleration(e.g., the jogger's sway).

For a jogger who is jogging at a relatively constant pace and in arelatively straight line, x-axis 106 (e.g., forward) acceleration valuesmay be relatively constant; y-axis 107 (e.g., vertical) accelerationvalues may indicate a base force associated with gravitation and aperiodic acceleration and deceleration from the jogger's verticalbounce; and z-axis 108 (e.g., side-to-side) acceleration values may berelatively constant. The frequency of the y-axis component cancorrespond to a step rate of the user, and the amplitude of the y-axiscomponent can correspond to a force with which the user steps. Amplitudeand frequency may both be higher in the case of a user who is jogging orrunning rather than walking. For purposes of example and comparison,example acceleration for a user who is walking is shown in FIG. 1B.

FIG. 1B illustrates example acceleration data 120 that can correspond toa mobile device carried by a user who is walking. Like a jogger who isjogging at a relatively constant pace in a relatively straight line, awalker doing the same may experience little acceleration along thex-axis 106 or the z-axis 108 (e.g., except for occasional increases ordecreases in pace, or swerves to one side of the other). Along they-axis 107, the acceleration 110 shows a periodic acceleration anddeceleration corresponding to a small amount of vertical movementassociated with the user's stride. The frequency of the periodicacceleration can correspond to the user's step rate. As depicted in FIG.1B, the amplitude of the y-axis 107 data can be smaller than y-axis dataassociated with jogging, given that walking steps are usually softer(e.g., have less impact) that jogging or running steps. Various otherexample acceleration profiles are now described.

FIG. 1C illustrates example acceleration data 130 that can correspond toa mobile device carried by a user who is riding a train. As depicted inFIG. 1C, a train may subject the mobile device to periodic acceleration132 and deceleration 133 forces along the x-axis 106 as the traindeparts from and arrives at stops on its route. Along the y-axis 107,the train may subject the mobile device to acceleration and decelerationas it ascends and descends inclines on its route. In addition, themobile device may detect higher frequency acceleration along the y-axis107 as the train travels over regular seams or breaks in the rails onwhich it rides. The mobile device may also detect acceleration forces134 along the z-axis 108, for example, as the train traverses relativelysharp curves in the rails.

FIG. 1D illustrates example acceleration data 140 that can correspond toa mobile device carried by a user who is in a vehicle in heavy traffic(e.g., stop-and-go traffic). As depicted in FIG. 1D, stop-and-go trafficcan cause frequent, possibly gradual, acceleration 141 and deceleration142 along the x-axis 106 of a vehicle in the traffic (andcorrespondingly, in a mobile device in the vehicle), which may beassociated with the starts and stops (or slow-downs and speed-ups) thatan automobile performs in stop-and-go traffic. A small amount ofperiodic acceleration along the y-axis 107 may be associated with roadexpansion joints. Acceleration along the z-axis 108 may be negligible,absent any swerves by the vehicle.

FIG. 1E illustrates example acceleration data 150 that can correspond toa mobile device carried by a user who is in a vehicle in light traffic(e.g., smooth-flowing traffic traveling at highway speeds). Inparticular, FIG. 1E depicts along the x-axis 106, for example, initialacceleration 152 followed by a steady cruising speed 153 (noacceleration), then a sudden but brief slow-down 154, then a quickacceleration 155. Along the y-axis 107, the acceleration data caninclude a high-frequency component associated with highway expansionjoints. Along the z-axis 108, the acceleration data is shown asrelatively constant, except for a swerve 156 corresponding to the briefslow-down.

FIG. 1F illustrates example acceleration data 160 that can correspond toa mobile device carried by a user who is riding in an elevator. Inparticular, FIG. 1F depicts minimal acceleration along the x-axis 106and z-axis 108 (forward or lateral movement, respectively). Therelatively large-amplitude acceleration 162 and deceleration 163 alongthe y-axis 107 can correspond to starts and stops, respectively, of theelevator on different floors.

FIG. 1G illustrates example acceleration data 170 that can correspond toa mobile device being dropped. In particular, FIG. 1G depicts the mobiledevice being dropped at an angle relative the axes, leading to an asharp deceleration acceleration component that, in this example, isreflected in each axis.

FIG. 1H illustrates example acceleration data 180 that can correspond toa mobile device being set down on a hard surface (e.g., a desk). Inparticular, a sharp deceleration is depicted along the y-axis 107, witha very small x-axis 106 component. In this example, deceleration forcesare depicted as primarily focused along the y-axis 107 (since the mobiledevice is likely to be set down flat), in contrast to the decelerationforces depicted in FIG. 1G, where the mobile device has been dropped atan angle. Moreover, the deceleration forces depicted in FIG. 1H have alower magnitude than the deceleration forces depicted in FIG. 1G, sincesetting the mobile device down on a hard surface will likely subject themobile device to less force than dropping the mobile device.

For purposes of illustration, FIGS. 1A-H show examples of accelerationdata for a mobile computing device that depict the device as orientedsuch that data along the x-axis 106 corresponds to motion in a generallyforward direction, data along the y-axis 107 corresponds to motion in agenerally vertical direction, and data along the z-axis 108 correspondsto motion in a generally transverse horizontal direction. The readerwill appreciate, however, that a mobile computing device may bepositioned in any manner relative to the user or a vehicle in which theuser is traveling. Accordingly, acceleration data may be detected alongdifferent axes than shown, or along multiple axes in combination. Insome implementations, a three-axis accelerometer (or correspondingcircuitry) is configured to extract from raw acceleration dataacceleration values along three orthogonal axes, regardless of theorientation of the mobile device (e.g., mathematically translate theacceleration data to a different set of axes, as necessary).

Processing acceleration data (e.g., translating the data to a different(e.g., normalized) coordinate system) can have advantages, for example,in cases in which a mobile device is regularly subjected to accelerationforces that correspond to one or more particular profiles, but where themobile device may have a different orientation each time it is subjectedto such forces. In particular, for example, a mobile device that iscarried in a purse, handbag, briefcase or laptop bag; or a mobile deviceresting on the seat or console of an automobile, may be regularlysubjected to acceleration forces associated with various activitiesdescribed below with reference to FIGS. 1A-1H (e.g., walking; travel byautomobile, train or elevator; etc.), but the device may be differentlypositioned each time the corresponding forces are detected. Bytranslating the acceleration data, profiles may be advantageouslymatched and employed without requiring a user to maintain the mobiledevice in a particular position or orientation.

Acceleration data can be processed or translated in a number of ways.For example, data from a multi-axis accelerometer can be analyzed todetermine deltas between particular points or sequences of points (e.g.,to calculate short-term or time-averaged derivatives across variousaxes). The deltas or derivatives can be analyzed or further processes asdescribed in this document. Raw accelerometer data can be processed invarious other ways (e.g., other mathematical functions can be applied:in particular, second derivatives can be calculated and employed; signalprocessing functions, such as discrete Fourier transforms, can beapplied; etc.). In general, the acceleration data may be processed invarious ways to remove effects of the same acceleration forces beingdetected in two axes or all three axes (e.g., because of mobile deviceorientation).

As shown with reference to FIGS. 1A-H, many activities can have similaracceleration profiles. For example, jogging, as shown in FIG. 1A, andwalking, as shown in FIG. 1B, can produce similar acceleration forcesalong the y-axis 107, and only small (and similar) forces along thex-axis 106 or z-axis 108. In the example data illustrated in FIGS. 1A-B,the distinction between walking and jogging along the y-axis 107 caninclude an increased frequency of acceleration and deceleration cyclesfor jogging (e.g., a faster step rate), as well as an increasedamplitude (increased force in the vertical direction, or put anotherway, a harder step).

As another example, acceleration data corresponding to the mobile devicebeing dropped (see FIG. 1G), and acceleration data corresponding to themobile device being set down on a hard surface (see FIG. 1H) can besimilar impulse-like response along one or more axes. However, theacceleration forces associated with a drop may be greater in magnitudeand may be seen in more than one axis (e.g., given the likelihood thatthe device will drop at some angle, such that sharp forces are detectedalong multiples axes), whereas acceleration forces associated with themobile device being set down may be smaller in magnitude and may be morelikely to be seen primarily along a single axis.

As another example, acceleration forces associated with a train (seeFIG. 1C) may be similar to acceleration forces associated with avehicle. However, greater acceleration forces along the z-axis (e.g.,corresponding to transverse motion) may be associated with the traingoing around corners that are sharper than those a vehicle may navigate.

FIG. 2A illustrates an example method 201 of activating applications inresponse to acceleration data captured by a mobile device in real-time.In some implementations, an acceleration profile is stored (203) in themobile device. For example, various acceleration profiles, such as thoseillustrated in and described with reference to FIGS. 1A-1H can be storedin the mobile device. The acceleration profiles can be pre-stored in themobile device when it is delivered to the end-user; the accelerationprofiles can be downloaded to the mobile device by the end-user; theacceleration profiles can be stored in a network-accessible location oron a removable storage device and accessed in substantially real time(e.g., much like metadata databases associated with media files, whichcan be employed to provide information (e.g., artist, title, track,copyright information, etc.) about a media file being played orotherwise processed); the acceleration profiles can be captured (e.g.,recorded) by the mobile device; etc.

An association can be configured (206) between the acceleration profileand an application that is to be activated when real-time accelerationdata is received (209) that is determined to match (212) the storedacceleration profile. In some implementations, the association is madein a configuration mode (e.g., using a configuration interface such asthat described below with reference to FIG. 3B or 3C).

Real-time acceleration data can be captured (209) by the mobile device.For example, in some implementations, an accelerometer in the mobiledevice continuously captures acceleration data (or substantiallycontinuously captures acceleration data at a sampling rate of 25 Hz, 50Hz, 100 Hz, 400 HZ—to name a few example sampling rates). In someimplementations, the captured real-time acceleration data is stored in acircular buffer (or other memory structure) that stores some amount ofacceleration data (e.g., 5 seconds of data, 30 seconds of data, 2minutes of data, 10 minutes of data, 1 hour of data, etc.).

The method 201 can include determining (212) whether the capturedreal-time acceleration data matches any of the stored (or accessible)acceleration profiles. In particular, for example, a comparisonalgorithm can be applied between the real-time acceleration data andeach of any acceleration profiles that are stored in the mobile device.If no match is found between the real-time acceleration data and any ofthe acceleration profiles, nor further action may be taken (that is, noapplications may be activated; however, the entire method 201 may beperiodically repeated with a portion of the real-time acceleration data,as described below to account for more recent acceleration data).

If a match is determined (212) to exist between the real-timeacceleration data and one of the stored acceleration profiles, themobile device can activate (215) an application that is associated withthe matching acceleration profile. In this context, activating (215) anapplication can include launching the application if it is not alreadyrunning in memory of the mobile device (e.g., as either a foreground, oractive, application, or as background application that does notcurrently have input/output device focus). Activating (215) anapplication can also include changing the status of an already runningapplication from a background application to a foreground applications.In some implementations, a change in status from a backgroundapplication to a foreground application can include, for example,displaying any user interface associated with the application in a toplayer of a display screen included in the mobile device, or giving theapplication active focus, such that it receives input from appropriateinput devices and provides output to appropriate output devices.

In some implementations, activating (215) an application can furtherinclude configuring the state of the application. For example, if theactivated application is a media player application, activating (215)the media player application can include launching it (e.g., starting itin memory), and beginning to play default media. As another example, ifthe activated application is a browser application program, activating(215) the browser application can include automatically accessingcertain network-accessible information and displaying that informationwith the browser application. More particularly, for example, activatinga browser can include activating three browser windows and accessing(e.g., retrieving) and displaying in one browser window internationalnews information from one network-accessible site (e.g., fromwww.cnn.com), in another browser, local news information (e.g., fromwww.kare11.com), and in a third browser window, financial information(e.g., from online.barrons.com).

In some implementations, the method 201 may be periodically executed.That is, a comparison between real-time acceleration data (e.g., datastored in a portion of a circular buffer, such as a portion that storesmost recent real-time acceleration data) and acceleration profiles maybe made (212) every five seconds, ten seconds, 30 seconds, two minutes,or at some other interval. By frequently executing the method 201, themobile device can respond quickly to changes in activity by the user.For example, with reference to the above jogging example, if the method201 is executed every five seconds, a user may be more likely to enjoymedia played by the media player application within a very short time ofstarting to jog. Thus, a short period can facilitate a fast responsetime for activating applications in response to current real-timeacceleration data.

In some implementations, the mobile device employs a longer period forcomparing (212) real-time acceleration data and acceleration profiles. Alonger period can be advantageous in some situations since it canprovide some amount of “hysteresis” in activating and deactivatingapplications. That is, in the context of the jogging example, a longerperiod may prevent the mobile device from deactivating the media playerapplication if the user stops jogging for a minute. Moreover, a longerperiod may allow more real-time acceleration data to be used in thecomparison (212) to stored acceleration profiles, which may increase thematching accuracy. In particular, for example, the mobile device maybetter distinguish similar stored acceleration profiles (e.g., joggingand walking profiles, train and vehicle profiles, etc.) if morereal-time acceleration data is used (and a longer corresponding period,in some implementations). In addition, some profiles may be bestcharacterized by a longer period of data than other accelerationprofiles. For example, more data (e.g., data corresponding to a longerperiod of time) may be required to accurately characterize travel instart-and-stop traffic than to characterize jogging.

In some implementations, raw acceleration data (e.g., real-time datacaptured by the mobile device for comparison to stored accelerationprofiles) can be transformed in a manner that allows it to be moreeasily classified or characterized as corresponding to particular kindof activity than the raw data itself. For example, in someimplementations, a time-ordered sequence of raw acceleration data can beinitially analyzed or filtered to identify a portion of the sequencehaving a relatively consistent and periodic nature (e.g., given thatmany acceleration profiles that are associated with activities ofinterest have some periodic component). The identified portion, orwindow, can be analyzed further (e.g., transformed to a signature asdescribed below), and the other portions of the time-ordered sequencecan be ignored. In particular, with reference to FIG. 1J, a window 190can be identified. In some implementations, the mobile device canidentify the window 190 by analyzing frequency content of differentportions the raw acceleration data (e.g., with a transform algorithm,such as a Discrete Fast Fourier Transform (DFFT); those portions may beidentified as being included in the window that have a relatively smallnumber of consistent frequency components relative to other portions ofthe raw acceleration data. In other implementations, statisticalanalysis may be applied to the raw acceleration data. In otherimplementations, as described briefly above, derivatives of the data canbe employed or further processed, and multi-axis data may be transformedor translated to a different set of coordinates (e.g., to remove effectsof positional orientation of the mobile device). In general, varioustechniques can be applied to identify relevant portions of accelerationdata.

Once an appropriate portion of raw acceleration data has beenidentified, the raw acceleration data may be transformed to a signatureor profile that may be more easily compared with other stored profiles.In some implementations, a signature or profile is generated throughmanipulation of the raw data in some manner For example, a signature canbe generated by applying a mathematical algorithm or transform to asequence of x-axis, y-axis and z-axis acceleration force values. Themathematical algorithm may, in practice, compress the data and highlightdistinguishing features in the data. As a more specific example, atransform algorithm may be applied to the data (e.g., data such as thatdepicted in FIG. 1A or 1B) to identify a dominant frequency and averageamplitude of the data along the y-axis 107. For data that is veryperiodic, the signature may include an average amplitude and dominantfrequency along each axis.

To further facilitate subsequent analysis of signatures, certain aspectsof either a stored profile or a real-time acceleration profile may alsobe normalized or otherwise processed. For example, given that differentusers have different step frequencies when running or walking, frequencycontent of acceleration data that corresponds to the user's stepfrequency may be normalized from, for example, a range of 1.3-2.7 Hz(75-160 steps/minute—a walking pace for many users) to 2.1 Hz (125steps/minute); similarly, frequency content that corresponds to theuser's step frequency may be normalized from, for example, a range of2.7-3.3 Hz (160-200 steps/minute—a running pace for many users) to 3.0Hz (180 steps/minute).

Amplitude data may also be normalized, for example, to a first value ifa frequency component suggests walking, and to another higher amplitudevalue if a frequency component suggests running. As another example ofprocessing, acceleration data can be “windowed” to exclude irrelevantdata for the particular profile (e.g., as described above with referenceto FIG. 1J). For example, user movement prior to the start of joggingcan include stretching and placement of the mobile computing device in apocket or strapping it to an arm. These movements can be identified andexcluded, or filtered out of the acceleration profile representative ofa user running. In another example, the profile for an automobiletraveling at highway speeds may be windowed to exclude movementassociated with the user getting into and starting the automobile.

Normalized acceleration profiles or signatures that are generated fromreal-time acceleration data can be compared to stored accelerationprofiles in various ways. For example, many algorithms and systems existfor comparing images to each other (e.g., for purposes of classificationor object recognition), or for comparing audio content to referencecontent (e.g., for purposes of verifying the source or detectingcopying). The reader will appreciate that similar algorithms and systems(or other appropriate algorithms or systems) can be applied toclassifying and comparing acceleration profiles or signatures. In someimplementations, acceleration data may be stored in profiles in adigitized format. Normalized acceleration profiles or signatures thatare generated from real-time acceleration data can also be digitized.The digitized files can be compared to determine a close match.

In some implementations, the acceleration profiles stored on the mobiledevice and the real-time acceleration data can be normalized orprocessed in the same way manner, in order to facilitate comparison ofthe real-time data to stored profiles.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example method 251 of adaptively training amobile device to associate application activations with accelerationprofiles, which the mobile device may themselves build. FIG. 2B isdescribed in greater detail below, after additional description isprovided regarding adaptive training.

Turning to FIGS. 3A and 3B, a series of example activities, applicationsand corresponding acceleration profiles are now illustrated anddescribed (FIG. 3A), as well as an example user interface forassociating certain applications with certain activities (FIG. 3B).

FIG. 3A is a diagram 200 depicting a sequence of example activities thata user of a mobile computing device (e.g., a smartphone, PDA, cellphone, etc.) may engage in throughout the day, and correspondingapplications that the user may run while engaging in the activities. Inan example, as shown in FIG. 2, a user may regularly jog in the morning.While jogging, the user may employ a media player application 304 on hisor her mobile device 306 to listen to music. While the user is jogging,the user's mobile device may capture the acceleration profile 110(described above with reference to FIG. 1A).

Later in the morning, the user may ride a train to his or her office.While riding on the train, the user may regularly employ a browserapplication 310 to check stock prices, obtain a weather report for theday, and read current news from one or more network-accessible sites(e.g., www.msbnc.com, www.nytimes.com, news.google.com,online.barrons.com, etc.). While the user is riding the train, theuser's mobile device may capture the acceleration profile 130 (describedabove with reference to FIG. 1C).

After getting off the train, the user may walk from the train station tohis or her office. While the user is walking, the user may employ acalendar application 314 to check a calendar to view appointments andother activities that are scheduled for the day. While the user iswalking, the user's mobile device may capture the acceleration profile120 (described above with reference to FIG. 1B).

Once at the office, the user may sit down at a desk 316, set the mobiledevice on the desk and begin a work day by employing a messagingapplication 318 to check electronic messages (e.g., email messages, textmessages, etc.). When the user sets the mobile device on the desk 316,the mobile device may capture the acceleration profile 180 (describedabove with reference to FIG. 1H).

FIG. 3B illustrates an example user interface 301 that can be used toassociate various user activities (and corresponding accelerationprofiles) with mobile device applications. As shown in oneimplementation, the user interface 301 can relate activities (e.g., byactivity nicknames 302), applications 304, acceleration profiles 306,and, optionally (as shown), filter settings (e.g., time-based filtersettings 322 and location-based filter settings 340), which can be usedin associating activities 302 with applications 304 (or moreparticularly, acceleration profiles 306 corresponding to the activities302 with the applications 304). Several specific groupings ofapplications 304 and acceleration profiles 306 are now described.

In some implementations, the user interface 301 enables users to dragand drop icons onto various portions of the interface to createassociations. In particular, for example, graphical icons can beassociated with different applications (e.g., a maps application 312, abrowser application 318, a media player application, etc.). Accelerationprofiles may also be dragged (e.g., from a library of icons associatedwith acceleration profiles, including “Profile 140,” which may representthe acceleration profile 140 shown in FIG. 1D, and “Profile 150,” whichmay represent the acceleration profile 150 shown in FIG. 1E) and droppedonto an appropriate place in the user interface 301.

Other information can be entered in the user interface in other ways.For example, activity nicknames 302 and filter information 322 and 340may be entered in text-entry boxes (text-entry boxes not explicitlyshown). As another example, time-filter information 322 may be enteredthrough the use of drop-down boxes or menus (drop-down boxes or menusnot shown). In general, the reader will appreciate that data can beentered in any appropriate manner; the user interface 301 is merelyexemplary.

As depicted, a user of the mobile device can employ the user interface301 to associate an acceleration profile to an application. In somecases, more than one acceleration profile can be associated with anapplication. In particular, for example, “Profile 140” (e.g., anacceleration profile corresponding to a mobile device in a vehicle inheavy, start-and-stop traffic) and “Profile 150” (e.g., an accelerationprofile corresponding to a mobile device in smooth-flowing traffictraveling at highway speeds) may both be associated with a mapsapplication 312. That is, if vehicle travel is detected—either vehicletravel in stop-and-go traffic or vehicle travel at highway speeds—a mapsapplication 312 may be launched.

In some implementations, device settings can also be configured inresponse to acceleration profiles. For example, if real-timeacceleration data matches either “Profile 140” or “Profile 150” (i.e.,start-and-stop or highway travel), the mobile device may be switched toa speaker mode (e.g., depicted by setting 314). That is, applicationsthat produce audio output may be switched to a mode where the audiooutput is provided through a speaker (e.g., rather than through, forexample, a wired or BLUETOOTH headset connection).

In some implementations, multiple applications can be associated with anacceleration profile. As shown in one example, a browser application318, a media player application 328 and an audio book application 330may all be associated with “Profile 130” (e.g., an acceleration profilecorresponding to a mobile device on a train). In some cases, multipleapplications may be activated (e.g., the browser application 318 and themedia player application 328). In some cases, only one of multipleapplications may be automatically activated, and which application isautomatically activated may be based on a filter setting 322.

Two examples of filtering are provided—time-based filtering, andlocation-based filtering. The reader will appreciate, however, thatvarious other methods of filtering can be applied, such as, for example,filtering based on a day of the week, a month, a corporate quarter, ayear, etc. Turning to time-based filtering, detection of travel on atrain may selectively launch applications based on time-filter settings324 and 332. In particular, in the example, shown, the browser and mediaplayer applications 318 and 328 can be activated in the morning inresponse to real-time acceleration data corresponding to travel by train(e.g., when the user is on his or her way into work); in the afternoonor evening (e.g., when the user is on his or way home, from work), theaudio book application 330 can be activated in response to detection ofreal-time acceleration data corresponding to travel by train. In theabove examples, time-based filtering is applied based on a distinctionbetween AM and PM; in some implementations, time-based filtering may bebased on proximity to two different times that are separated by at leasta predetermined threshold (e.g., one hour, two hours, four hours, eighthours, etc.).

Other kinds of filtering can be provided for. For example, GPSfunctionality in the mobile device may enable location-based filtering.Detection of real-time acceleration data corresponding to jogging (e.g.,profile 110) may cause the media player application 328 to beactivated—but only if the mobile device is near “Home” (e.g., asdetermined by current GPS-based location information (or other forms oflocation information) and a “Home” setting that can be configured (e.g.,using another interface, which is not shown)). In the context of thisexample, the mobile device can activate the media player applicationwhen the user is going for a regular jog near his or her home, but themedia player may not be activated when the user is engaged in a similaractivity (e.g., jogging or running) in a different context (e.g., whenthe user is sprinting down a street near his or her office in order tocatch a train).

In some implementations, an application can be launched based on asequence of activities (and a sequence of matches of real-timeacceleration data to acceleration profiles). FIG. 3C illustrates oneexample user interface 351 that can be employed to configure the mobiledevice to launch various applications in response to a sequence ofactivities. In this example, the user may populate the user interface351 by dragging and dropping appropriate icons in a sequence, and,optionally specifying a time between activities.

Acceleration data is graphically depicted in the user interface 351, butthis graphical depiction may be omitted, and the user interface 351 maybe configured based only on labeled acceleration profile icons,application icons, time-delay icons, and various connectors (e.g.,two-headed arrows to indicate sequence; single-headed arrows to indicatean effect (arrow end) in response to a cause (end opposite the arrow).

As shown in one example, real-time detection of an acceleration profile130 associated with a train can cause a browser application 310 to belaunched. Real-time detection of an acceleration profile 120 associatedwith walking, approximately 2-5 minutes after real-time accelerationdata that matches the train profile 130 is detected, can cause acalendar application to be launched 314. Real-time detection of anacceleration profile 160 associated with an elevator, approximately 1-3minutes after real-time acceleration data that matches the walkingprofile 120 is detected, followed 1-3 minutes later by detection ofreal-time acceleration data that matches a profile corresponding to themobile device being set down, can cause the messaging application 318 tobe activated.

In some implementations, applications are only launched if the currentreal-time acceleration data matches an appropriate profile and ifprevious real-time acceleration data matched another appropriateprofile. That is, in some implementations, the mobile device can improverecognition accuracy by identifying real-time acceleration data thatmatches a time-ordered sequence of acceleration profiles. In particular,for example, the calendar application 314 may not be automaticallylaunched when real-time acceleration data that matches the walkingprofile 120 is detected in isolation (i.e., not 2-5 minutes afterreal-time acceleration data that matches the train profile 130).Similarly, the messaging application 318 may not be automaticallylaunched unless real-time acceleration data is detected that matches theexample, sequence.

The user interfaces 301 and 351 is merely exemplary. In general a userinterface for configuring associations between activities and theircorresponding acceleration profiles and activating applications can takeany form. In some implementations, the user interface 301 is providedthrough several different interfaces. In some implementations, the userinterface 301 is provided on the mobile device itself; in otherimplementations, the user 301 interface is provided through aconfiguration tool external to the mobile device (e.g., in acomputer-based or web-based application)—in which case, configurationsettings can be transferred to the mobile device in any appropriatemanner. Many other variations are contemplated.

In some implementations, as described in more detail below, a mobilecomputing device may be adaptively trained to “learn” a user's schedulein an automated manner. The user interface 301 may be filled in asappropriate as the mobile device adaptively learns a user's habits andactivities (or corresponding configuration settings may be stored,without populating the user interface 301). The user interface 301 canalso be made available to the user during the training process. Forexample, the user may accelerate the training process by filling inareas of the user interface 300 that are not populated at a particularpoint in time. Alternatively, the user may employ the user interface 301to override the trained settings.

To adaptively train, the mobile device may provide a training mode andan operating mode. In the training mode, the mobile device can monitorboth real-time acceleration data and the user's activation of variousapplications. Over time, the mobile device can make and strengthencorrelations between real-time acceleration data and the activating (ordeactivating) of certain applications. In an operating mode, the mobiledevice can monitor real-time acceleration data and apply the previouslymade correlations to activate appropriate applications. These processesare illustrated and described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 4Aand 4B.

FIGS. 4A and 4B depict, respectively, an example training mode, in whicha mobile device can adaptively correlate the activating of applicationswith real-time acceleration data, and a corresponding operating mode.For purposes of illustration, the example depicts real-time accelerationdata corresponding to a user jogging each of three mornings, andactivating a media player application while jogging. As depicted in oneexample, the user begins jogging on Monday at about 5:15 AM and almostimmediately activates a media player application. The user stops joggingclose to 6:00 AM and almost immediately stops the media playerapplication.

To adaptively train, the mobile device may analyze real-timeacceleration data both before and after an application is activated ordeactivated (e.g., for a predetermined time before and after, such asfive seconds, 30 seconds, one minute, two minutes, etc.). Thus, afterthe first day in training mode, the mobile device may associateactivation of the media player application with random acceleration databefore the activation (e.g., acceleration data associated with the usergetting ready to jog), and periodic acceleration data having certainfrequency and amplitude content following the activation (e.g.,acceleration data associated with jogging). Similarly, the mobile devicemay associate deactivation of the media player activation with periodicacceleration data having certain frequency and amplitude content beforethe deactivation and random acceleration data following thedeactivation. The activation and deactivation may further be associatedwith a time (e.g., a specific time, such as 5:15 AM and 6:00 AM, or atime range, such as 5:00-5:30 AM and 5:45-6:15 AM) or a general location(e.g., based on GPS information, which is not depicted in FIGS. 4A and4B).

After the second and third days (e.g., Tuesday and Wednesday) ofdetecting similar real-time acceleration data and a similar relationshipbetween the detected real-time acceleration data and the activating anddeactivating of the media player application (and a generally similarrelationship to the real-time acceleration data, the application and thetime of day), the mobile device may have adaptively configured itself.In particular, for example, the mobile device may have configured itselfto activate a media player application immediately upon detectingreal-time acceleration data having frequency and amplitude contentsimilar to the frequency and amplitude content detected during thetraining mode (and associated with jogging); moreover, the mobile devicemay have configured itself to deactivate the media player applicationafter the real-time acceleration data having the trained frequency andamplitude content is no longer detected.

FIG. 4B illustrates operation of the mobile device in an operatingmode—for example, operation based on the adaptive training. As depictedby the dashed arrows, the media player application can be automaticallyactivated upon detection of real-time periodic acceleration data (e.g.,real-time acceleration data that matches a jogging profile) andautomatically deactivated when the real-time periodic acceleration datais no longer detected.

In some implementations, a mobile device can adaptively learnrelationships between sequences of acceleration data and multipleactivations or deactivations of various mobile device applications(e.g., such as sequences like that depicted in FIG. 3C). For example,the mobile device could, over a training period, configure itself todetect a first acceleration profile at a general time of day (e.g., anacceleration profile corresponding to train travel), during which afirst application is activated (e.g., a browser application); detect,after some period of time (e.g., a few minutes), a second accelerationprofile (e.g., an acceleration profile corresponding to walking), duringwhich a second application is activated (e.g., a calendar application);and detect, after another period of time (e.g., a few minutes), thirdand fourth acceleration profiles (e.g., acceleration profilescorresponding to riding an elevator and to the mobile device being setdown on a hard surface), after which a third application is activated(e.g., an email application).

In the above example, real-time acceleration data in the period of timebetween the first and second acceleration profiles may be ignored. Thisdata may be random in nature, or the data may have a regular characterthat is different than the real-time acceleration data before and after.In some implementations, the data corresponds to a user's transitionfrom one activity to another. For example, the mobile device may detectreal-time acceleration data that is consistent with riding a train,followed by random real-time acceleration data, followed by real-timeacceleration that is consistent with walking. The random real-timeacceleration data may correspond to a transition period during which theuser is getting off a train and walking up or down steps, possibly inheavy crowds, before reaching a sidewalk, where the user may be able towalk normally (at which point the mobile device may detect consistent,periodic real-time acceleration consistent with walking).

A time associated with the period between acceleration profiles may befactored into the adaptively configured model. For example, the mobiledevice may adaptively determine that real-time acceleration dataassociated with a train, followed by three minutes of random real-timeacceleration data, followed by real-time acceleration data associatedwith walking should cause a calendar application to be activated.

Any suitable method for adaptively training can be employed. That is,any suitable algorithm can be applied to determine correlations (e.g.,training signatures) between acceleration data and the activation ordeactivation of applications. Any suitable training period can also beused. For example, depending on the complexity of a user's schedule andhabits, two weeks of training data may need to be collected in order forthe mobile device to adaptively build an acceleration data-applicationmodel; in other cases, more or less time may be required (e.g., threedays, three weeks, etc.).

In some implementations, the training process may progressively populateand refine a user interface, such as the user interface 301 shown inFIG. 3B. In such implementations, the user may expedite the trainingprocess by filling in or changing any information that is populated bythe training process.

Once sufficient training has been completed, the user can switch his orher mobile device to an operating mode, in which the mobile devicemonitors real-time acceleration data, compares the real-timeacceleration data to the various acceleration profiles on the mobiledevice, and activates appropriate applications based on the adaptivelyconfigured model.

In some implementations, a training mode can be used to refine or updatean acceleration-application model. That is, after the user interface 301has been populated (either manually by the user, automatically by atraining algorithm, or by a combination of the two), the user of themobile device can switch to a training mode (e.g., for a few days or aweek or two) to automatically update the mobile device to detect a newpattern of activity (e.g., to refine an application-acceleration model).

In the above description, acceleration data is described by the activityit may represent, but the reader will appreciate that correlations maybe automatically established between applications and acceleration dataat the mobile device determining the activity that corresponds to aparticular acceleration profile. That is, the mobile device may detectreal-time acceleration data that is periodic in nature, has a particularfrequency and amplitude and that is associated with activating aparticular application (e.g., a media player application) withoutdetermining that the real-time acceleration data is associated with“jogging”). However, to facilitate manual changes to anapplication-acceleration model, a user may enter a label or activitynickname (or graphical icon) to different acceleration profiles.Similarly, pre-stored acceleration profiles or acceleration profilesthat may be provided by third-parties may come pre-labeled or associatedwith descriptive graphical icons.

Turning back to FIG. 2B, adaptive training is further described. Inparticular, FIG. 2B illustrates an example method 251 of adaptivelytraining a mobile device to adaptively build an application-accelerationmodel in a training model, then use the model in an operating mode toautomatically activate applications in response to real-timeacceleration data.

The method 251 can include determining (252) whether the mobile deviceis in a training mode or an operating mode. In some implementations, themode is determined by user input. In particular, for example, a user canconfigure the mobile device to be in a training mode, in which case themobile device detects (254) real-time acceleration data and monitors(257) manual application activations (as well as deactivations, in somecases), and adaptively builds (260) a model to correlate specificacceleration data with specific application activations. That is, over aperiod of a few days or weeks, the mobile device can apply a learningalgorithm to learn correlations between specific patterns or sequencesof acceleration data and specific application activations.

In some implementations, acceleration profiles are themselves adaptivelybuilt (260). That is, the mobile device may identify windows of likeacceleration data (e.g., data having consistent, periodiccharacteristics, such as, for example, the window 190 of accelerationdata depicted in FIG. 1J. Like acceleration data may be averaged duringthe training mode and stored as an acceleration profile. As describedabove, each acceleration profile may be normalized or processed in someother manner to facilitate subsequent comparison of real-timeacceleration data with the profile.

If the mobile device is determined (252) to be in an operating mode,real-time acceleration data can be detected (263), and a comparisonalgorithm can be applied to the real-time acceleration data to determine(266) if a match exists between the real-time data and a stored profile.If a match is determined (266) to exist, an appropriate application canbe activated (269) (or deactivated) based on the adaptively built (260)association model.

In the description above, various operations are described that may beautomated to one degree or another. For example, a device may be trainedto learn a user's regular activities and correlate particular physicalactivities (e.g., based on acceleration data) with particularapplications. Some implementations may be more interactive. For example,a device may prompt a user to confirm a detected match betweenacceleration data and an identified profile (e.g., a profile that isstored on the device; stored on a removable storage medium; accessiblefrom a public, semi-private or private network-accessible location;etc.). As another example, the device may prompt a user to confirm thedesired launch of an application or the desired configuration of thedevice In particular, for example, upon capturing acceleration data thatis determined to match a jogging profile, the device may query the userregarding whether a media application should be launched, rather thanautomatically launching the application. In general, various levels ofautomation, on the one hand, and user configurability and interaction,on the other hand, are possible and contemplated.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example mobile device 501 that canreceive and process real-time acceleration data, correlate the processedacceleration information with one or more acceleration profiles, andactivate one or more applications based on the correlation. Only a fewaspects of the example mobile device 501 are described with reference toFIG. 5; other aspects are described with reference to FIGS. 6-10.

In one implementation as shown, the mobile device 501 includes I/Odevices 502 (e.g., keyboard or buttons and display screen), which caninterface to an application module 505 (e.g., a software-based operatingsystem component or other component that manages applications). Theapplication module 505 can control the activation and deactivation ofvarious applications 508A, 508B, 508C and 508D. Active applications mayprovide various user functions by, for example, receiving input from theI/O devices 502, processing the received input (along with other datastored in memory (not shown) or accessible from a network-accessiblesource (not shown)), and providing output (e.g., graphical output) to bepresented on an output device included in the I/O devices 502.

The mobile device 501 can also include an accelerometer 511 (or anothersource of real-time acceleration information). The accelerometer 511 canprovide real-time acceleration data to a learning module 514, which canalso receive user input to activate or deactivate the applications508A-D. In some implementations, the learning module adaptivelycorrelates, in a training mode, acceleration data and user input toactivate applications based on contemporaneous acceleration data. In anoperating mode, the learning module can activate applications based onreal-time acceleration data and the adaptively built correlations. Insome implementations, the learning module also builds accelerationprofiles (e.g., identifies windows of acceleration data that should beincluded in a profile and adaptively builds (e.g., averages or refinesover time) the acceleration profiles).

In some implementations, the learning module 514 can be replaced with acorrelation module, which may store various acceleration profiles (e.g.,profiles as depicted in FIGS. 1A-1H) and cause an application to belaunched when real-time acceleration data received from theaccelerometer 511 matches one of the stored acceleration profiles towhich the application is associated.

In some implementations, the learning module 514 (or correlationmodule—not shown) can receive additional input from a GPS module 517 (oranother component that acquires current location information of themobile device 501) and from a time reference (e.g., an internal ornetwork-accessible clock or other time signal). As described above,either or both of location information (e.g., information from the GPSmodule 517) and time information (e.g., from the time reference 520) canbe used in adaptively building the correlations. For example, asdescribed with reference to FIG. 3B, correlations may be time-filtered,location filtered, or filtered based on some other parameter.

Referring now to FIG. 6, the exterior appearance of an exemplary device600 that facilitates automatic activation of applications in response toreal-time acceleration data corresponding to the device 600 captured bythe device 600 is illustrated. Briefly, and among other things, thedevice 600 includes a processor configured to analyze real-timeacceleration data (e.g., provided by an accelerometer included in thedevice), compare the real-time acceleration data with accelerationprofiles stored in the device 600 to identify a matching accelerationprofile, and activate an application, if that application was previouslyassociated with the matching acceleration profile.

In more detail, the hardware environment of the device 600 includes adisplay 601 for displaying text, images, and video to a user; a keyboard602 for entering text data and user commands into the device 600; apointing device 604 for pointing, selecting, and adjusting objectsdisplayed on the display 601; an antenna 605; a network connection 606;a camera 607; a microphone 609; and a speaker 610. Although the device600 shows an external antenna 605, the device 600 can include aninternal antenna, which is not visible to the user.

The display 601 can display video, graphics, images, and text that makeup the user interface for the software applications used by the device600, and the operating system programs used to operate the device 600.Possible elements that may be displayed on the display 601 include, forexample, a new mail indicator 611 that alerts a user to the presence ofa new message; an active call indicator 612 that indicates that atelephone call is being received, placed, or is occurring; a datastandard indicator 614 that indicates the data standard currently beingused by the device 600 to transmit and receive data; a signal strengthindicator 615 that indicates a measurement of the strength of a signalreceived by via the antenna 605, such as by using signal strength bars;a battery life indicator 616 that indicates a measurement of theremaining battery life; or a clock 617 that outputs the current time.

The display 601 may also show application icons representing variousapplications available to the user, such as a web browser applicationicon 619, a phone application icon 620, a search application icon 621, acontacts application icon 622, a mapping application icon 624, an emailapplication icon 625, or other application icons. In one exampleimplementation, the display 601 is a quarter video graphics array (QVGA)thin film transistor (TFT) liquid crystal display (LCD), capable of16-bit color or better.

A user uses the keyboard (or “keypad”) 602 to enter commands and data tooperate and control the operating system and applications. The keyboard602 includes standard keyboard buttons or keys associated withalphanumeric characters, such as keys 626 and 627 that are associatedwith the alphanumeric characters “Q” and “W” when selected alone, or areassociated with the characters “*” and “1” when pressed in combinationwith key 629. A single key may also be associated with specialcharacters or functions, including unlabeled functions, based upon thestate of the operating system or applications invoked by the operatingsystem. For example, when an application calls for the input of anumeric character, a selection of the key 627 alone may cause a “1” tobe input.

In addition to keys traditionally associated with an alphanumerickeypad, the keyboard 602 also includes other special function keys, suchas an establish-call key 630 that causes a received call to be answeredor a new call to be originated; a terminate call key 631 that causes thetermination of an active call; a drop down menu key 632 that causes amenu to appear within the display 601; a backward navigation key 634that causes a previously accessed network address to be accessed again;a favorites key 635 that causes an active web page to be placed in abookmarks folder of favorite sites, or causes a bookmarks folder toappear; a home page key 636 that causes an application invoked on thedevice 600 to navigate to a predetermined network address; or other keysthat provide for multiple-way navigation, application selection, andpower and volume control.

The user uses the pointing device 604 to select and adjust graphics andtext objects displayed on the display 601 as part of the interactionwith and control of the device 600 and the applications invoked on thedevice 600. The pointing device 604 is any appropriate type of pointingdevice, and may be a joystick, a trackball, a touch-pad, a camera, avoice input device, a touch screen device implemented in combinationwith the display 601, or any other input device.

The antenna 605, which can be an external antenna or an internalantenna, is a directional or omni-directional antenna used for thetransmission and reception of radiofrequency (RF) signals that implementpoint-to-point radio communication, wireless local area network (LAN)communication, or location determination. The antenna 605 may facilitatepoint-to-point radio communication using the Specialized Mobile Radio(SMR), cellular, or Personal Communication Service (PCS) frequencybands, and may implement the transmission of data using any number ordata standards. For example, the antenna 605 may allow data to betransmitted between the device 600 and a base station using technologiessuch as Wireless Broadband (WiBro), Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave ACCess (WiMAX), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), Ultra MobileBroadband (UMB), High Performance Radio Metropolitan Network (HIPERMAN),iBurst or High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access (HC-SDMA), HighSpeed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), HSPAEvolution, HSPA+, High Speed Upload Packet Access (HSUPA), High SpeedDownlink Packet Access (HSDPA), Generic Access Network (GAN), TimeDivision-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA),Evolution-Data Optimized (or Evolution-Data Only) (EVDO), TimeDivision-Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA), Freedom Of MobileMedia Access (FOMA), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS),Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), Enhanced Data rates forGSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), Code Division MultipleAccess-2000 (CDMA2000), Wideband Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network(WiDEN), High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet RadioService (GPRS), Personal Handy-Phone System (PHS), Circuit Switched Data(CSD), Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), CDMAone, Digital Advanced MobilePhone System (D-AMPS), Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (IDEN),Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), DataTAC, Mobitex,Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), Hicap, Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS), Nordic Mobile Phone (NMP), Autoradiopuhelin (ARP), Autotel orPublic Automated Land Mobile (PALM), Mobiltelefonisystem D (MTD),Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni (OLT), Advanced Mobile Telephone System(AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), Mobile TelephoneSystem (MTS), Push-To-Talk (PTT), or other technologies. Communicationvia W-CDMA, HSUPA, GSM, GPRS, and EDGE networks may occur, for example,using a QUALCOMM MSM7200A chipset with an QUALCOMM RTR6285™ transceiverand PM7540™ power management circuit.

The wireless or wired computer network connection 606 may be a modemconnection, a local-area network (LAN) connection including theEthernet, or a broadband wide-area network (WAN) connection such as adigital subscriber line (DSL), cable high-speed internet connection,dial-up connection, T-1 line, T-3 line, fiber optic connection, orsatellite connection. The network connection 606 may connect to a LANnetwork, a corporate or government WAN network, the Internet, atelephone network, or other network. The network connection 606 uses awired or wireless connector. Example wireless connectors include, forexample, an INFRARED DATA ASSOCIATION (IrDA) wireless connector, a Wi-Fiwireless connector, an optical wireless connector, an INSTITUTE OFELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS (IEEE) Standard 802.11 wirelessconnector, a BLUETOOTH wireless connector (such as a BLUETOOTH version1.2 or 3.0 connector), a near field communications (NFC) connector, anorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) ultra wide band (UWB)wireless connector, a time-modulated ultra wide band (TM-UWB) wirelessconnector, or other wireless connector. Example wired connectorsinclude, for example, a IEEE-1394 FIREWIRE connector, a Universal SerialBus (USB) connector (including a mini-B USB interface connector), aserial port connector, a parallel port connector, or other wiredconnector. In another implementation, the functions of the networkconnection 606 and the antenna 605 are integrated into a singlecomponent.

The camera 607 allows the device 600 to capture digital images, and maybe a scanner, a digital still camera, a digital video camera, otherdigital input device. In one example implementation, the camera 607 is a3 mega-pixel (MP) camera that utilizes a complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS).

The microphone 609 allows the device 600 to capture sound, and may be anomni-directional microphone, a unidirectional microphone, abi-directional microphone, a shotgun microphone, or other type ofapparatus that converts sound to an electrical signal. The microphone609 may be used to capture sound generated by a user, for example whenthe user is speaking to another user during a telephone call via thedevice 600.

The speaker 610 allows the device to convert an electrical signal intosound, such as a voice from another user generated by a telephoneapplication program, or a ring tone generated from a ring toneapplication program. Furthermore, although the device 600 is illustratedin FIG. 6 as a handheld device, in further implementations the device600 may be a laptop, a workstation, a midrange computer, a mainframe, anembedded system, telephone, desktop PC, a tablet computer, a PDA, orother type of computing device.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an internal architecture 700 ofthe device 600. The architecture includes a central processing unit(CPU) 701 where the computer instructions that comprise an operatingsystem or an application are processed; a display interface 702 thatprovides a communication interface and processing functions forrendering video, graphics, images, and texts on the display 601,provides a set of built-in controls (such as buttons, text and lists),and supports diverse screen sizes; a keyboard interface 704 thatprovides a communication interface to the keyboard 602; a pointingdevice interface 705 that provides a communication interface to thepointing device 604; an antenna interface 706 that provides acommunication interface to the antenna 605; a network connectioninterface 707 that provides a communication interface to a network overthe computer network connection 606; a camera interface 708 thatprovides a communication interface and processing functions forcapturing digital images from the camera 607; a sound interface 709 thatprovides a communication interface for converting sound into electricalsignals using the microphone 609 and for converting electrical signalsinto sound using the speaker 610; a random access memory (RAM) 710 wherecomputer instructions and data are stored in a volatile memory devicefor processing by the CPU 701; a read-only memory (ROM) 711 whereinvariant low-level systems code or data for basic system functions suchas basic input and output (I/O), startup, or reception of keystrokesfrom the keyboard 602 are stored in a non-volatile memory device; astorage medium 712 or other suitable type of memory (e.g. such as RAM,ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmableread-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, harddisks, removable cartridges, flash drives), where the files thatcomprise an operating system 713, application programs 715 (including,for example, a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine, andor other applications, as necessary, and further including applicationsfor analyzing real-time acceleration data, comparing the real-timeacceleration data to stored acceleration profiles to identify matchingacceleration profiles, launching applications that are associated withthe matching acceleration profiles and adaptively building accelerationprofiles and learning correlations between acceleration data andactivation of various applications) and data files 716 are stored; anavigation module 717 that provides a real-world or relative position orgeographic location of the device 600; a power source 719 that providesan appropriate alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) to powercomponents; and a telephony subsystem 720 that allows the device 600 totransmit and receive sound over a telephone network. The constituentdevices and the CPU 701 communicate with each other over a bus 721.

The CPU 701 can be one of a number of computer processors. In onearrangement, the computer CPU 701 is more than one processing unit. TheRAM 710 interfaces with the computer bus 721 so as to provide quick RAMstorage to the CPU 701 during the execution of software programs such asthe operating system application programs, and device drivers. Morespecifically, the CPU 701 loads computer-executable process steps fromthe storage medium 712 or other media into a field of the RAM 710 inorder to execute software programs. Data is stored in the RAM 710, wherethe data is accessed by the computer CPU 701 during execution. In oneexample configuration, the device 600 includes at least 128 MB of RAM,and 256 MB of flash memory.

The storage medium 712 itself may include a number of physical driveunits, such as a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), a floppydisk drive, a flash memory, a USB flash drive, an external hard diskdrive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, a High-Density DigitalVersatile Disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, an internal hard disk drive,a Blu-Ray optical disc drive, or a Holographic Digital Data Storage(HDDS) optical disc drive, an external mini-dual in-line memory module(DIMM) synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), or an externalmicro-DIMM SDRAM. Such computer readable storage media allow the device600 to access computer-executable process steps, application programsand the like, stored on removable and non-removable memory media, tooff-load data from the device 600, or to upload data onto the device600.

A computer program product is tangibly embodied in storage medium 712, amachine-readable storage medium. The computer program product includesinstructions that, when read by a machine, operate to cause a dataprocessing apparatus to store image data in the mobile device. In someimplementations, the computer program product includes instructions thatprocess acceleration data, adaptively build accelerationdata-application correlations, activate applications in response tomatches between real-time acceleration data and previously storedacceleration profiles, and perform other methods described herein.

The operating system 713 may be a LINUX-based operating system such asthe GOOGLE mobile device platform; APPLE MAC OS X; MICROSOFT WINDOWSNT/WINDOWS 2000/WINDOWS XP/WINDOWS MOBILE; a variety of UNIX-flavoredoperating systems; or a proprietary operating system for computers orembedded systems. The application development platform or framework forthe operating system 713 may be: BINARY RUNTIME ENVIRONMENT FOR WIRELESS(BREW); JAVA Platform, Micro Edition (JAVA ME) or JAVA 2 Platform, MicroEdition (J2ME) using the SUN MICROSYSTEMS JAVASCRIPT programminglanguage; PYTHON™, FLASH LITE, or MICROSOFT .NET Compact, or anotherappropriate environment.

The device stores computer-executable code for the operating system 713,and the application programs 715 such as an email, instant messaging, avideo service application, a mapping application word processing,spreadsheet, presentation, gaming, mapping, web browsing, JAVASCRIPTengine, or other applications. For example, one implementation may allowa user to access the GOOGLE GMAIL email application, the GOOGLE TALKinstant messaging application, a YOUTUBE video service application, aGOOGLE MAPS or GOOGLE EARTH mapping application, or a GOOGLE PICASAimaging editing and presentation application. The application programs715 may also include a widget or gadget engine, such as a TAFRI™ widgetengine, a MICROSOFT gadget engine such as the WINDOWS SIDEBAR gadgetengine or the KAPSULES™ gadget engine, a YAHOO! widget engine such asthe KONFABULTOR™ widget engine, the APPLE DASHBOARD widget engine, theGOOGLE gadget engine, the KLIPFOLIO widget engine, an OPERA™ widgetengine, the WIDSETS™ widget engine, a proprietary widget or gadgetengine, or other widget or gadget engine the provides host systemsoftware for a physically-inspired applet on a desktop.

Although it is possible for automatic activating applications based onan analysis of real-time acceleration, it may also be possible toimplement the functions described herein as a dynamic link library(DLL), or as a plug-in to other application programs such as an Internetweb-browser such as the FOXFIRE web browser, the APPLE SAFARI webbrowser or the MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER web browser.

The navigation module 717 may determine an absolute or relative positionof the device, such as by using the Global Positioning System (GPS)signals, the GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS), the Galileopositioning system, the Beidou Satellite Navigation and PositioningSystem, an inertial navigation system, a dead reckoning system, or byaccessing address, internet protocol (IP) address, or locationinformation in a database. The navigation module 717 may also be used tomeasure angular displacement, orientation, or velocity of the device600, such as by using one or more accelerometers.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components of theoperating system 713 used by the device 600, in the case where theoperating system 713 is the GOOGLE mobile device platform. The operatingsystem 713 invokes multiple processes, while ensuring that theassociated phone application is responsive, and that waywardapplications do not cause a fault (or crash) of the operating system.Using task switching, the operating system 713 allows for the switchingof applications while on a telephone call, without losing the state ofeach associated application. The operating system 713 may use anapplication framework to encourage reuse of components, and provide ascalable user experience by combining pointing device and keyboardinputs and by allowing for pivoting. Thus, the operating system canprovide a rich graphics system and media experience, while using anadvanced, standards-based web browser.

In some implementations, the operating system 713 is organized into sixcomponents: a kernel 800, libraries 801, an operating system runtime802, application libraries 804, system services 805, and applications806. The kernel 800 includes a display driver 807 that allows softwaresuch as the operating system 713 and the application programs 715 tointeract with the display 601 via the display interface 702, a cameradriver 809 that allows the software to interact with the camera 607; aBLUETOOTH driver 810; an M-Systems driver 811; a binder (IPC) driver812, a USB driver 814, a keypad driver 815 that allows the software tointeract with the keyboard 602 via the keyboard interface 704; a WiFidriver 816; audio drivers 817 that allow the software to interact withthe microphone 609 and the speaker 610 via the sound interface 709; anda power management component 819 that allows the software to interactwith and manage the power source 719. An accelerometer driver 818 canalso be included to allow application programs to interact with anaccelerometer included in the mobile device 600.

The BLUETOOTH driver, which in one implementation is based on the BlueZBLUETOOTH stack for LINUX-based operating systems, provides profilesupport for headsets and hands-free devices, dial-up networking,personal area networking (PAN), or audio streaming (such as by AdvanceAudio Distribution Profile (A2DP) or Audio/Video Remote Control Profile(AVRCP). The BLUETOOTH driver provides JAVA bindings for scanning,pairing and unpairing, and service queries.

The libraries 801 include a media framework 820 that supports standardvideo, audio and still-frame formats (such as Moving Picture ExpertsGroup (MPEG)-4, H.264, MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3 (MP3), Advanced Audio Coding(AAC), Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR), Joint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG), and others) using an efficient JAVA Application ProgrammingInterface (API) layer; a surface manager 821; a simple graphics library(SGL) 822 for two-dimensional application drawing; an Open GraphicsLibrary for Embedded Systems (OpenGL ES) 824 for gaming andthree-dimensional rendering; a C standard library (LIBC) 825; aLIBWEBCORE library 826; a FreeType library 827; an SSL 829; and anSQLite library 830.

The operating system runtime 802 includes core JAVA libraries 831, and aDalvik virtual machine 832. The Dalvik virtual machine 832 is a customvirtual machine that runs a customized file format (.DEX).

The operating system 713 can also include Mobile Information DeviceProfile (MIDP) components such as the MIDP JAVA Specification Requests(JSRs) components, MIDP runtime, and MIDP applications as shown in FIG.8. The MIDP components can support MIDP applications running on thedevice 600.

With regard to graphics rendering, a system-wide composer managessurfaces and a frame buffer and handles window transitions, using theOpenGL ES 824 and two-dimensional hardware accelerators for itscompositions.

The Dalvik virtual machine 832 may be used with an embedded environment,since it uses runtime memory very efficiently, implements aCPU-optimized bytecode interpreter, and supports multiple virtualmachine processes per device. The custom file format (.DEX) is designedfor runtime efficiency, using a shared constant pool to reduce memory,read-only structures to improve cross-process sharing, concise, andfixed-width instructions to reduce parse time, thereby allowinginstalled applications to be translated into the custom file formal atbuild-time. The associated bytecodes are designed for quickinterpretation, since register-based instead of stack-based instructionsreduce memory and dispatch overhead, since using fixed widthinstructions simplifies parsing, and since the 16-bit code unitsminimize reads.

The application libraries 804 include a view system 834, a resourcemanager 835, and content providers 837. The system services 805 includesa status bar 839; an application launcher 840; a package manager 841that maintains information for all installed applications; a telephonymanager 842 that provides an application level JAVA interface to thetelephony subsystem 720; a notification manager 844 that allows allapplications access to the status bar and on-screen notifications; awindow manager 845 that allows multiple applications with multiplewindows to share the display 601; and an activity manager 846 that runseach application in a separate process, manages an application lifecycle, and maintains a cross-application history.

The applications 806 include a home application 847, a dialerapplication 849, a contacts application 850, a browser application 851,and an acceleration data-processing component 852 (or suite 852 ofcomponents).

The telephony manager 842 provides event notifications (such as phonestate, network state, Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) status, orvoicemail status, allows access to state information (such as networkinformation, SIM information, or voicemail presence), initiates calls,and queries and controls the call state. The browser application 851renders web pages in a full, desktop-like manager, including navigationfunctions. Furthermore, the browser application 851 allows singlecolumn, small screen rendering, and provides for the embedding of HTMLviews into other applications.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary processes implementedby the operating system kernel 900. Generally, applications and systemservices run in separate processes, where the activity manager 910 runseach application in a separate process and manages the application lifecycle. The applications run in their own processes, although manyactivities or services can also run in the same process. Processes arestarted and stopped as needed to run an application's components, andprocesses may be terminated to reclaim resources. Each application isassigned its own process, whose name is the application's package name,and individual parts of an application can be assigned another processname.

Some processes can be persistent. For example, processes associated withcore system components such as the surface manager 916, the windowmanager 914, or the activity manager 910 can be continuously executedwhile the device 600 is powered. Additionally, some application-specificprocesses can also be persistent. For example, processes associated withthe dialer application 849 or the acceleration data-processing component852 may be persistent.

The processes implemented by the operating system kernel 900 maygenerally be categorized as system services processes 901, dialerprocesses 902, browser processes 904, and maps processes 905. The systemservices processes 901 include status bar processes 906 associated withthe status bar 839; application launcher processes 907 associated withthe application launcher 840; package manager processes 909 associatedwith the package manager 841; activity manager processes 910 associatedwith the activity manager 846; resource manager processes 911 associatedwith a resource manager 835 that provides access to graphics, localizedstrings, and XML layout descriptions; notification manger processes 912associated with the notification manager 844; window manager processes914 associated with the window manager 845; core JAVA librariesprocesses 915 associated with the core JAVA libraries 831; surfacemanager processes 916 associated with the surface manager 821; Dalvikvirtual machine processes 917 associated with the Dalvik virtual machine832; LIBC processes 919 associated with the LIBC library 825; andacceleration data-processing processes associated with the accelerationdata-processing component 852.

The dialer processes 902 include dialer application processes 921associated with the dialer application 849; telephony manager processes922 associated with the telephony manager 842; core JAVA librariesprocesses 924 associated with the core JAVA libraries 831; Dalvikvirtual machine processes 925 associated with the Dalvik Virtual machine832; and LIBC processes 926 associated with the LIBC library 825.

The browser processes 904 include browser application processes 927associated with the browser application 851; core JAVA librariesprocesses 929 associated with the core JAVA libraries 831; Dalvikvirtual machine processes 930 associated with the Dalvik virtual machine832; LIBWEBCORE processes 931 associated with the LIBWEBCORE library826; and LIBC processes 932 associated with the LIBC library 825.

The maps processes 905 include maps application processes 934, core JAVAlibraries processes 935, Dalvik virtual machine processes 936, and LIBCprocesses 937. Notably, some processes, such as the Dalvik virtualmachine processes, may exist within one or more of the systems servicesprocesses 901, the dialer processes 902, the browser processes 904, andthe maps processes 905.

FIG. 10 shows an example of a generic computer device 1000 and a genericmobile computer device 1050, which may be used with the techniquesdescribed here. Computing device 1000 is intended to represent variousforms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations,personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, andother appropriate computers. Computing device 1050 is intended torepresent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digitalassistants, cellular telephones, smartphones, and other similarcomputing devices. The components shown here, their connections andrelationships, and their functions, are meant to be exemplary only, andare not meant to limit implementations of the inventions describedand/or claimed in this document.

Computing device 1000 includes a processor 1002, memory 1004, a storagedevice 1006, a high-speed interface 1008 connecting to memory 1004 andhigh-speed expansion ports 1010, and a low speed interface 1012connecting to low speed bus 1014 and storage device 1006. Each of thecomponents 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008, 1010, and 1012, are interconnectedusing various busses, and may be mounted on a common motherboard or inother manners as appropriate. The processor 1002 can processinstructions for execution within the computing device 1000, includinginstructions stored in the memory 1004 or on the storage device 1006 todisplay graphical information for a GUI on an external input/outputdevice, such as display 1016 coupled to high speed interface 1008. Inother implementations, multiple processors and/or multiple buses may beused, as appropriate, along with multiple memories and types of memory.Also, multiple computing devices 1000 may be connected, with each deviceproviding portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank,a group of blade servers, or a multi-processor system).

The memory 1004 stores information within the computing device 1000. Inone implementation, the memory 1004 is a volatile memory unit or units.In another implementation, the memory 1004 is a non-volatile memory unitor units. The memory 1004 may also be another form of computer-readablemedium, such as a magnetic or optical disk.

The storage device 1006 is capable of providing mass storage for thecomputing device 1000. In one implementation, the storage device 1006may be or contain a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy diskdevice, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, aflash memory or other similar solid state memory device, or an array ofdevices, including devices in a storage area network or otherconfigurations. A computer program product can be tangibly embodied inan information carrier. The computer program product may also containinstructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such asthose described above. The information carrier is a computer- ormachine-readable medium, such as the memory 1004, the storage device1006, memory on processor 1002, or a propagated signal.

The high speed controller 1008 manages bandwidth-intensive operationsfor the computing device 1000, while the low speed controller 1012manages lower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation offunctions is exemplary only. In one implementation, the high-speedcontroller 1008 is coupled to memory 1004, display 1016 (e.g., through agraphics processor or accelerator), and to high-speed expansion ports1010, which may accept various expansion cards (not shown). In theimplementation, low-speed controller 1012 is coupled to storage device1006 and low-speed expansion port 1014. The low-speed expansion port,which may include various communication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth,Ethernet, wireless Ethernet) may be coupled to one or more input/outputdevices, such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a scanner, or anetworking device such as a switch or router, e.g., through a networkadapter.

The computing device 1000 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as astandard server 1020, or multiple times in a group of such servers. Itmay also be implemented as part of a rack server system 1024. Inaddition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptopcomputer 1022. Alternatively, components from computing device 1000 maybe combined with other components in a mobile device (not shown), suchas device 1050. Each of such devices may contain one or more ofcomputing device 1000, 1050, and an entire system may be made up ofmultiple computing devices 1000, 1050 communicating with each other.

Computing device 1050 includes a processor 1052, memory 1064, aninput/output device such as a display 1054, a communication interface1066, and a transceiver 1068, among other components. The device 1050may also be provided with a storage device, such as a microdrive orother device, to provide additional storage. Each of the components1050, 1052, 1064, 1054, 1066, and 1068, are interconnected using variousbuses, and several of the components may be mounted on a commonmotherboard or in other manners as appropriate.

The processor 1052 can execute instructions within the computing device1050, including instructions stored in the memory 1064. The processormay be implemented as a chipset of chips that include separate andmultiple analog and digital processors. The processor may provide, forexample, for coordination of the other components of the device 1050,such as control of user interfaces, applications run by device 1050, andwireless communication by device 1050.

Processor 1052 may communicate with a user through control interface1058 and display interface 1056 coupled to a display 1054. The display1054 may be, for example, a TFT LCD (Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid CrystalDisplay) or an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display, or otherappropriate display technology. The display interface 1056 may compriseappropriate circuitry for driving the display 1054 to present graphicaland other information to a user. The control interface 1058 may receivecommands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor1052. In addition, an external interface 1062 may be provide incommunication with processor 1052, so as to enable near areacommunication of device 1050 with other devices. External interface 1062may provide, for example, for wired communication in someimplementations, or for wireless communication in other implementations,and multiple interfaces may also be used.

The memory 1064 stores information within the computing device 1050. Thememory 1064 can be implemented as one or more of a computer-readablemedium or media, a volatile memory unit or units, or a non-volatilememory unit or units. Expansion memory 1074 may also be provided andconnected to device 1050 through expansion interface 1072, which mayinclude, for example, a SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module) cardinterface. Such expansion memory 1074 may provide extra storage spacefor device 1050, or may also store applications or other information fordevice 1050. Specifically, expansion memory 1074 may includeinstructions to carry out or supplement the processes described above,and may include secure information also. Thus, for example, expansionmemory 1074 may be provide as a security module for device 1050, and maybe programmed with instructions that permit secure use of device 1050.In addition, secure applications may be provided via the SIMM cards,along with additional information, such as placing identifyinginformation on the SIMM card in a non-hackable manner.

The memory may include, for example, flash memory and/or NVRAM memory,as discussed below. In one implementation, a computer program product istangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer programproduct contains instructions that, when executed, perform one or moremethods, such as those described above. The information carrier is acomputer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory 1064, expansionmemory 1074, memory on processor 1052, or a propagated signal that maybe received, for example, over transceiver 1068 or external interface1062.

Device 1050 may communicate wirelessly through communication interface1066, which may include digital signal processing circuitry wherenecessary. Communication interface 1066 may provide for communicationsunder various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls, SMS, EMS, orMMS messaging, CDMA, TDMA, PDC, WCDMA, CDMA2000, or GPRS, among others.Such communication may occur, for example, through radio-frequencytransceiver 1068. In addition, short-range communication may occur, suchas using a Bluetooth, WiFi, or other such transceiver (not shown). Inaddition, GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver module 1070 mayprovide additional navigation- and location-related wireless data todevice 1050, which may be used as appropriate by applications running ondevice 1050.

Device 1050 may also communicate audibly using audio codec 1060, whichmay receive spoken information from a user and convert it to usabledigital information. Audio codec 1060 may likewise generate audiblesound for a user, such as through a speaker, e.g., in a handset ofdevice 1050. Such sound may include sound from voice telephone calls,may include recorded sound (e.g., voice messages, music files, etc.) andmay also include sound generated by applications operating on device1050.

The computing device 1050 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as acellular telephone 1080. It may also be implemented as part of asmartphone 1082, personal digital assistant, or other similar mobiledevice.

Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here canbe realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry,specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits),computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof.These various implementations can include implementation in one or morecomputer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on aprogrammable system including at least one programmable processor, whichmay be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data andinstructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storagesystem, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, softwareapplications or code) include machine instructions for a programmableprocessor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/orobject-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machinelanguage. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium”“computer-readable medium” refers to any computer program product,apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory,Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructionsand/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readablemedium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal.The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to providemachine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.

To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniquesdescribed here can be implemented on a computer having a display device(e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor)for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointingdevice (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user can provideinput to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide forinteraction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to theuser can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback,auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can bereceived in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in acomputing system that includes a back end component (e.g., as a dataserver), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an applicationserver), or that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computerhaving a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a usercan interact with an implementation of the systems and techniquesdescribed here), or any combination of such back end, middleware, orfront end components. The components of the system can be interconnectedby any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., acommunication network). Examples of communication networks include alocal area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), and theInternet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the disclosed implementations. For example,many examples are provided in the context of a mobile device, but thesystems and methods described herein can also be applied to devices thatare not traditionally characterized as mobile, including, for example,an in-dash vehicle navigation system or vehicle computer (which mayactivate different applications based on detection of stop-and-gohighway traffic, smooth-flowing highway traffic, city traffic, etc.). Asother examples, the systems and methods described herein can be appliedto marine devices (e.g., that detect choppiness of the water or otherparameters and activate applications accordingly), or consumerappliances that may activate applications in response to detectingearthquake activity, high winds, etc. Various examples have beenprovided in the context of activating applications, but applications canalso be deactivated in response to a match between real-timeacceleration data and acceleration profiles. In addition, the logicflows depicted in the figures may not require the particular ordershown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In addition,other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from thedescribed flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from,the described systems. Accordingly, other implementations are within thescope of the following claims.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A computer-implemented method comprising: storing,by a mobile device, a plurality of acceleration profiles, eachrespective acceleration profile in the plurality of accelerationprofiles corresponding to a respective sequence of acceleration forcesthat the mobile device would be subjected to when carried during one ofa plurality of user activities, each user activity in the plurality ofuser activities corresponding to an acceleration profile in theplurality of acceleration profiles, each acceleration profile in theplurality of acceleration profiles corresponding to an applicationprogram that is executable by the mobile device; receiving, after theacceleration profiles have been stored, force data that representssequences of forces that were measured by the mobile device in two ormore directions; processing the force data to remove effects ofpositional orientation of the mobile device; correlating the processedforce data, for which the effects of positional orientation have beenremoved, to acceleration forces that correspond to a particular one ofthe plurality of acceleration profiles; and automatically activating, bythe mobile device and as a result of correlating the processed forcedata to the acceleration forces that correspond to the particular one ofthe plurality of acceleration profiles, an application program thatcorresponds to the particular one of the plurality of accelerationprofiles.
 27. The computer-implemented method of claim 26, wherein anaccelerometer of the mobile device was used to measure the sequences offorces that were measured in the two or more directions.
 28. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 26, wherein processing the forcedata to remove the effects of positional orientation of the mobiledevice includes translating the force data, that represents thesequences of forces that were measured in the two or more directions, toa different coordinate system than a coordinate system in which theforce data was captured.
 29. The computer-implemented method of claim26, wherein: the force data represents forces that were measured inthree orthogonal axes, and removing the effects of positionalorientation of the mobile device includes mathematically translating theforce data to a set of axes that is different than the three orthogonalaxes.
 30. The computer-implemented method of claim 26, whereinprocessing the force data to remove the effects of positionalorientation includes translating the force data, which represents thesequences of forces that were measured in the two or more directions, toa different coordinate system than a coordinate system of the two ormore directions.
 31. The computer-implemented method of claim 26,wherein processing the force data to remove the effects of positionalorientation results in an ability to activate the application programthat corresponds to the particular one of the plurality of accelerationprofiles while the mobile device is positioned in differentorientations, such that the mobile device is not required to bemaintained in a particular orientation in order for the applicationprogram that corresponds to the particular one of the plurality ofacceleration profiles to be activated.
 32. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 26, wherein automatically activating the applicationprogram that corresponds to the particular one of the plurality ofacceleration profiles includes launching the application program thatcorresponds to the particular one of the plurality of accelerationprofiles as a background application program.
 33. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 26, wherein: a first activity ofthe plurality of activities includes user running; and a second activityof the plurality of activities includes user riding in a vehicle. 34.The computer-implemented method of claim 26, wherein correlating theprocessed force data includes identifying that a comparison algorithmdetermined that the processed force data and the acceleration forcesthat correspond to the particular one of the plurality of accelerationprofiles fall within a threshold measure of similarity.
 35. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 26, wherein the correspondencebetween the acceleration profiles and the application programs thatcorrespond to the acceleration profiles is user configurable.
 36. Anon-transitory computer-readable device including instructions, thatwhen executed by one or more processors, cause performance of operationsthat comprise: storing, by a mobile device, a plurality of accelerationprofiles, each respective acceleration profile in the plurality ofacceleration profiles corresponding to a respective sequence ofacceleration forces that the mobile device would be subjected to whencarried during one of a plurality of user activities, each user activityin the plurality of user activities corresponding to an accelerationprofile in the plurality of acceleration profiles, each accelerationprofile in the plurality of acceleration profiles corresponding to anapplication program that is executable by the mobile device; receiving,after the acceleration profiles have been stored, force data thatrepresents sequences of forces that were measured by the mobile devicein two or more directions; processing the force data to remove effectsof positional orientation of the mobile device; correlating theprocessed force data, for which the effects of positional orientationhave been removed, to acceleration forces that correspond to aparticular one of the plurality of acceleration profiles; andautomatically activating, by the mobile device and as a result ofcorrelating the processed force data to the acceleration forces thatcorrespond to the particular one of the plurality of accelerationprofiles, an application program that corresponds to the particular oneof the plurality of acceleration profiles.
 37. The computer-readabledevice of claim 36, wherein an accelerometer of the mobile device wasused to measure the sequences of forces that were measured in the two ormore directions.
 38. The computer-readable device of claim 36, whereinprocessing the force data to remove the effects of positionalorientation of the mobile device includes translating the force data,that represents the sequences of forces that were measured in the two ormore directions, to a different coordinate system than a coordinatesystem in which the force data was captured.
 39. The computer-readabledevice of claim 36, wherein: the force data represents forces that weremeasured in three orthogonal axes, and removing the effects ofpositional orientation of the mobile device includes mathematicallytranslating the force data to a set of axes that is different than thethree orthogonal axes.
 40. The computer-readable device of claim 36,wherein processing the force data to remove the effects of positionalorientation includes translating the force data, which represents thesequences of forces that were measured in the two or more directions, toa different coordinate system than a coordinate system of the two ormore directions.
 41. The computer-readable device of claim 36, whereinprocessing the force data to remove the effects of positionalorientation results in an ability to activate the application programthat corresponds to the particular one of the plurality of accelerationprofiles while the mobile device is positioned in differentorientations, such that the mobile device is not required to bemaintained in a particular orientation in order for the applicationprogram that corresponds to the particular one of the plurality ofacceleration profiles to be activated.
 42. The computer-readable deviceof claim 36, wherein automatically activating the application programthat corresponds to the particular one of the plurality of accelerationprofiles includes launching the application program that corresponds tothe particular one of the plurality of acceleration profiles as abackground application program.
 43. The computer-readable device ofclaim 36, wherein: a first activity of the plurality of activitiesincludes user running; and a second activity of the plurality ofactivities includes user riding in a vehicle.
 44. The computer-readabledevice of claim 36, wherein correlating the processed force dataincludes identifying that a comparison algorithm determined that theprocessed force data and the acceleration forces that correspond to theparticular one of the plurality of acceleration profiles fall within athreshold measure of similarity.
 45. The computer-readable device ofclaim 36, wherein the correspondence between the acceleration profilesand the application programs that correspond to the accelerationprofiles is user configurable.